poll: how confident do you feel that you know what a "ref" or "reference" is in git? (“ref” and “reference” are the same thing)

for example in this error message (from `git push`)

error: failed to push some refs to 'github.com:jvns/int-exposed'

or this one: (from `git switch mybranch`)

fatal: invalid reference: mybranch

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@b0rk This might be the first one of these I haven't said 100% to. I feel like I know what it means in practice, but is a "ref" just a commit hash, or does it also include stuff like HEAD~2 that can be parsed into one? What about the hashes git makes of individual files/paths, or submodule commits, are those refs? Is the physical file in .git/refs/heads a ref?

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